For each of the "headlines" below, determine whether the language is causal or non-causal. Remember that causal language should indicate one variable is affecting the other and indicate the direction of that causality, while non-causal, correlational language notes and describes a relationship, without suggesting that one variable affects the other.

Part 1: Listed below are sets of two "headlines" for the same study. For each set, circle the one that sounds more causal.

• Sexual lyrics prompt teens to have sex
• Listening to sexual lyrics associated with teen sex

• Memory retention enhanced by sleep
• People who sleep more, remember more!

• Kids who take music lessons have bigger brains
• Music lessons improve kids' brain development

Part 2: Below are individual headlines for different studies. Determine whether each is causal or non-causal.

• Daytime TV tied to poorer mental scores in elderly

• Church attendance boosts immunity

• Child anxiety linked to drug use

• Political bias affects brain activity

• Breakfast helps girls stay slim

• Low self-esteem shrinks brain

• Eat sweets, live longer

• Sex cues influence men's decisiveness

• Disciplinarian parents have fat kids